ABAP Select data from SAP table ROIREPCSTAT2 into internal table

Get Example source ABAP code based on a different SAP table
  

Below is a number of ABAP code snippets to demonstrate how to select data from SAP ROIREPCSTAT2 table and store it within an internal table, including using the newer @DATA inline declaration methods. It also shows you various ways to process this data using ABAP work area, inline declaration or field symbols including executing all the relevant CONVERSION_EXIT routines specific to ROIREPCSTAT2. See here for more generic Select statement tips.

Sometimes data within SAP is stored within the database table in a different format to what it is displayed to the user. These input/output conversation FM routines are what translates the data between the two formats.

There is also a full declaration of the ROIREPCSTAT2 table where each field has a char/string type for you to simply copy and paste. This allows you to use processing that is only available to these field types such as the CONCATENATE statement.

DATA: IT_ROIREPCSTAT2 TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ROIREPCSTAT2,
      WA_ROIREPCSTAT2 TYPE ROIREPCSTAT2,
      GD_STR TYPE STRING.

DATA: lo_typedescr type REF TO cl_abap_typedescr.
DATA: lv_fieldname type fieldname.

FIELD-SYMBOLS: <FIELD> TYPE any.
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <ROIREPCSTAT2> TYPE ROIREPCSTAT2.

*Process all fields in table header/work area as string values
  PERFORM process_as_string_field_values CHANGING wa_ROIREPCSTAT2.

SELECT *
*restrict ABAP select to first 10 rows
 UP TO 10 ROWS      
  FROM ROIREPCSTAT2
  INTO TABLE IT_ROIREPCSTAT2.

*Select data and declare internal table using in-line method @DATA
*SELECT *
*  FROM ROIREPCSTAT2
*  INTO TABLE @DATA(IT_ROIREPCSTAT22).
*--Further methods of using ABAP code to  select data from SAP database tables

*You can also declare the header/work area using the in-line DATA declaration method
READ TABLE IT_ROIREPCSTAT2 INDEX 1 INTO DATA(WA_ROIREPCSTAT22).


*Demonstrate how to loop at an internal table and update values using a FIELD-SYMBOL
LOOP AT IT_ROIREPCSTAT2 ASSIGNING <ROIREPCSTAT2>.
*To update a field value using a field symbol simply change the value via the field symbol pointer
<ROIREPCSTAT2>-SSR_CCINS = 1.
<ROIREPCSTAT2>-CHOBJ = 1.
<ROIREPCSTAT2>-SSR_CCTYP = 1.
<ROIREPCSTAT2>-PBLNR = 1.
<ROIREPCSTAT2>-MATNR = 1.
ENDLOOP.

LOOP AT IT_ROIREPCSTAT2 INTO WA_ROIREPCSTAT2.
*Write horizonal line to screen report.
  WRITE:/ sy-uline.

*Write selected data to screen/report before conversion.
  WRITE:/ sy-vline,   WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-MAKTX, sy-vline,
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-STYP, sy-vline,
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-AMOUNT_01, sy-vline,
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-WAERS_01, sy-vline,
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-AMOUNT_02, sy-vline,
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-WAERS_02, sy-vline.
ENDLOOP. *Add any further fields from structure WA_ROIREPCSTAT2 you want to display... WRITE:/ sy-uline. * Aternatively use generic code to Write field values (and NAME) to screen report DO. ASSIGN COMPONENT sy-index OF STRUCTURE wa_ROIREPCSTAT2 TO <field>. IF sy-subrc <> 0. EXIT. ENDIF. WRITE:/ 'Field Value', <field>, sy-vline. gd_str = <field> . lo_typedescr ?= CL_ABAP_DATADESCR=>DESCRIBE_BY_DATA( <field> ). lv_fieldname = lo_typedescr->GET_RELATIVE_NAME( ). WRITE:/ 'Field Name', lv_fieldname. ENDDO. *Redo loop but convert all fields from internal to out value LOOP AT IT_ROIREPCSTAT2 INTO WA_ROIREPCSTAT2. *Write horizonal line to screen report. WRITE:/ sy-uline. *Convert all fields to display/output versions using conversion routines PERFORM convert_all_field_values CHANGING wa_EKKO. ENDLOOP. *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form convert_all_field_values *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM convert_all_field_values CHANGING p_EKKO LIKE wa_EKKO. DATA: ld_input(1000) TYPE c, ld_output(1000) TYPE C.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field PBLNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-PBLNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-PBLNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit MATN1, internal->external for field MATNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_MATN1_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-MATNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-MATNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_01 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_01 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_01.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_02 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_02 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_02.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_03 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_03 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_03.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_04 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_04 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_04.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_05 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_05 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_05.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_06 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_06 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_06.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_07 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_07 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_07.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_08 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_08 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_08.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_09 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_09 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_09.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_10 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_10 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_10.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_11 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_11 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_11.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_12 CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_12 IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_12.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field VRKME_YEAR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_YEAR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_ROIREPCSTAT2-VRKME_YEAR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.
ENDFORM. *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form process_as_string_field_values *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM process_as_string_field_values CHANGING p_EKKO LIKE wa_EKKO. TYPES: BEGIN OF T_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR,
SSR_CCINS TYPE STRING,
CHOBJ TYPE STRING,
SSR_CCTYP TYPE STRING,
PBLNR TYPE STRING,
MATNR TYPE STRING,
MAKTX TYPE STRING,
STYP TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_01 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_01 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_02 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_02 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_03 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_03 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_04 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_04 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_05 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_05 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_06 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_06 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_07 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_07 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_08 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_08 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_09 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_09 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_10 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_10 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_11 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_11 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_12 TYPE STRING,
WAERS_12 TYPE STRING,
AMOUNT_YEAR TYPE STRING,
WAERS_YEAR TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_01 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_01 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_02 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_02 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_03 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_03 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_04 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_04 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_05 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_05 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_06 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_06 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_07 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_07 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_08 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_08 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_09 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_09 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_10 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_10 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_11 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_11 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_12 TYPE STRING,
VRKME_12 TYPE STRING,
QUANTITY_YEAR TYPE STRING,
VRKME_YEAR TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_01 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_02 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_03 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_04 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_05 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_06 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_07 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_08 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_09 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_10 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_11 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_12 TYPE STRING,
NO_HEADERS_YEAR TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_01 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_02 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_03 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_04 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_05 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_06 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_07 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_08 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_09 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_10 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_11 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_12 TYPE STRING,
NO_ITEMS_YEAR TYPE STRING,
FEE_01 TYPE STRING,
FEE_02 TYPE STRING,
FEE_03 TYPE STRING,
FEE_04 TYPE STRING,
FEE_05 TYPE STRING,
FEE_06 TYPE STRING,
FEE_07 TYPE STRING,
FEE_08 TYPE STRING,
FEE_09 TYPE STRING,
FEE_10 TYPE STRING,
FEE_11 TYPE STRING,
FEE_12 TYPE STRING,
FEE_YEAR TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_01 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_02 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_03 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_04 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_05 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_06 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_07 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_08 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_09 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_10 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_11 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_12 TYPE STRING,
PTNR_PART_YEAR TYPE STRING,END OF T_EKKO_STR. DATA: WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR type T_EKKO_STR. DATA: ld_text TYPE string. LOOP AT IT_EKKO INTO WA_EKKO. MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_EKKO TO WA_EKKO_STR. CONCATENATE: sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-SSR_CCINS sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-CHOBJ sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-SSR_CCTYP sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PBLNR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-MATNR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-MAKTX sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-STYP sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-AMOUNT_YEAR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-WAERS_YEAR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-QUANTITY_YEAR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-VRKME_YEAR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_HEADERS_YEAR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-NO_ITEMS_YEAR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-FEE_YEAR sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_01 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_02 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_03 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_04 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_05 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_06 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_07 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_08 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_09 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_10 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_11 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_12 sy-vline
WA_ROIREPCSTAT2_STR-PTNR_PART_YEAR sy-vline INTO ld_text SEPARATED BY SPACE. *Add any further fields from structure WA_EKKO_STR you want to CONCATENATE... ENDLOOP. ENDFORM.